Tutorial Arduino RFID RC522: Cara Membaca & Menulis Data (Lengkap & Siap Praktik)

• Modul MFRC522 (RC522) beroperasi pada 13,56 MHz (HF) dan umum untuk membaca/menulis MIFARE Classic 1K/4K.
• Panduan ini mencakup: wiring, instalasi library, baca UID, baca blok, tulis blok, hingga ganti key sektor (opsional).
• Contoh untuk Arduino UNO/Nano, Mega, ESP8266, dan ESP32, plus tips jarak baca & troubleshooting.

Dasar Teori: RC522 & Kartu MIFARE Classic

RC522 adalah IC reader RFID/NFC 13,56 MHz yang berkomunikasi melalui SPI. Kartu MIFARE Classic 1K terdiri dari 16 sektor, masing-masing 4 blok (total 64 blok, 0–63). Setiap blok = 16 byte.

• Block 0 (sektor 0) memuat UID & data pabrik → jangan ditulis.
• Trailer block tiap sektor (blok ke-3) berisi Key A, Access Bits, dan Key B.
• Default key pabrik sering FF FF FF FF FF FF.

Komponen & Peralatan

• Arduino UNO/Nano (5 V) atau Mega, atau ESP8266/ESP32 (3,3 V).
• Modul RC522 + kartu/tag MIFARE Classic 1K.
• Kabel jumper, (opsional) breadboard, dan level shifter bila MCU 5 V.
• Power 3,3 V stabil untuk RC522.

Skema Koneksi

Arduino UNO / Nano (SPI Hardware)

Arduino Mega 2560

ESP8266 (NodeMCU)

ESP32 (DevKit)

Catatan: beberapa board menandai pin “SDA” sebagai “SS”. Pada SPI, “SDA” di RC522 = Slave Select.

Layanan Kami : 

Jual Label RFID Tageos

Laundry Tracking System / NDC RFID Control System

Instalasi Library & Contoh Dasar

1. Arduino IDE → Tools → Manage Libraries…
2. Cari dan pasang “MFRC522 by GithubCommunity” (fork miguelbalboa).
3. Pastikan SPI library tersedia (bawaan Arduino).

Contoh: Baca UID & Tipe Kartu

// --- Baca UID & Tipe Kartu (UNO/Nano: SS=10, RST=9) ---
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

constexpr uint8_t SS_PIN  = 10;
constexpr uint8_t RST_PIN = 9;

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SPI.begin();
  rfid.PCD_Init();
  rfid.PCD_SetAntennaGain(rfid.RxGain_max); // opsional: sedikit menambah jarak
  Serial.println(F("RC522 siap. Tempelkan kartu..."));
}

void loop() {
  if (!rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) return;
  if (!rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial())   return;

  Serial.print(F("UID: "));
  for (byte i = 0; i < rfid.uid.size; i++) {
    if (rfid.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10) Serial.print(F("0"));
    Serial.print(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
    if (i != rfid.uid.size - 1) Serial.print(F(":"));
  }
  Serial.println();

  MFRC522::PICC_Type piccType = rfid.PICC_GetType(rfid.uid.sak);
  Serial.print(F("Tipe: "));
  Serial.println(rfid.PICC_GetTypeName(piccType));

  rfid.PICC_HaltA();
  rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1();
}

Membaca & Menulis Blok Data (MIFARE Classic)

Peta sektor/blok: setiap sektor memiliki 4 blok; tiga blok data + satu trailer. Contoh sektor 1 = blok 4,5,6,7 (blok 7 = trailer).

Baca Blok (Auth Key A default)

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
constexpr uint8_t SS_PIN  = 10;
constexpr uint8_t RST_PIN = 9;

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SPI.begin();
  rfid.PCD_Init();
  for (byte i=0; i<6; i++) key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF; // default FF..FF
  Serial.println(F("Siap baca blok. Tempelkan kartu..."));
}

bool authenticateBlock(byte block) {
  MFRC522::StatusCode status = rfid.PCD_Authenticate(
    MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A, block, &key, &(rfid.uid));
  if (status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
    Serial.print(F("Auth gagal: "));
    Serial.println(rfid.GetStatusCodeName(status));
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

void loop() {
  if (!rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return;

  byte block = 4; // blok data pertama sektor 1
  if (!authenticateBlock(block)) { rfid.PICC_HaltA(); rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1(); return; }

  byte buffer[18]; byte size = sizeof(buffer);
  MFRC522::StatusCode status = rfid.MIFARE_Read(block, buffer, &size);
  if (status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
    Serial.print(F("Baca gagal: "));
    Serial.println(rfid.GetStatusCodeName(status));
  } else {
    Serial.print(F("Isi block ")); Serial.print(block); Serial.print(F(": "));
    for (byte i=0; i<16; i++) {
      if (buffer[i] < 0x10) Serial.print(F("0"));
      Serial.print(buffer[i], HEX); Serial.print(F(" "));
    }
    Serial.println();
  }

  rfid.PICC_HaltA();
  rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1();
}

Tulis Blok (16 byte)

Pilih blok data (mis. blok 4/5/6). Jangan menulis ke trailer block.

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
constexpr uint8_t SS_PIN  = 10;
constexpr uint8_t RST_PIN = 9;
MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

void makeBlockFromString(const String& s, byte out[16]) {
  for (byte i=0; i<16; i++) out[i] = 0x20; // padding spasi
  for (byte i=0; i<16 && i < s.length(); i++) out[i] = (byte)s[i];
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SPI.begin();
  rfid.PCD_Init();
  for (byte i=0; i<6; i++) key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF; // default
  Serial.println(F("Siap tulis block. Tempelkan kartu..."));
}

void loop() {
  if (!rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return;

  byte block = 4; // tulis ke blok 4
  auto st = rfid.PCD_Authenticate(MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A, block, &key, &rfid.uid);
  if (st != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
    Serial.print(F("Auth gagal: ")); Serial.println(rfid.GetStatusCodeName(st));
    rfid.PICC_HaltA(); rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1(); return;
  }

  byte dataBlock[16];
  makeBlockFromString("KANASOLUSI.ID", dataBlock); // ≤16 char

  st = rfid.MIFARE_Write(block, dataBlock, 16);
  if (st != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
    Serial.print(F("Tulis gagal: ")); Serial.println(rfid.GetStatusCodeName(st));
  } else {
    Serial.print(F("Berhasil tulis block ")); Serial.println(block);
  }

  // Verifikasi
  byte buffer[18]; byte size = sizeof(buffer);
  st = rfid.MIFARE_Read(block, buffer, &size);
  if (st == MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
    Serial.print(F("Verif: "));
    for (byte i=0;i<16;i++) Serial.write(buffer[i]);
    Serial.println();
  }

  rfid.PICC_HaltA();
  rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1();
}

Hapus (Zero-fill) Blok

// Zero-fill blok data (pastikan sudah auth!)
byte zeros[16]; memset(zeros, 0x00, 16);
auto st = rfid.MIFARE_Write(block, zeros, 16);
if (st == MFRC522::STATUS_OK) Serial.println(F("Block di-nol-kan."));

(Opsional) Ubah Key & Access Bits Sektor (Advanced)

Trailer block (16 byte): KeyA(6) + AccessBits(3) + User(1) + KeyB(6). Contoh mengganti Key A/B sektor 1 (trailer = blok 7) ke nilai kustom dengan Access Bits standar.

byte newTrailer[16] = {
  0xA0,0xA1,0xA2,0xA3,0xA4,0xA5,   // Key A
  0xFF,0x07,0x80,0x69,             // Access Bits + user data
  0xB0,0xB1,0xB2,0xB3,0xB4,0xB5    // Key B
};

byte trailerBlock = 7; // sektor 1
// Auth pakai key lama (mis. FF..FF) sebelum menulis
auto st = rfid.PCD_Authenticate(MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A, trailerBlock, &key, &rfid.uid);
if (st == MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
  st = rfid.MIFARE_Write(trailerBlock, newTrailer, 16);
  if (st == MFRC522::STATUS_OK) Serial.println(F("Trailer updated. Gunakan key baru selanjutnya."));
}

Menyimpan Data Terstruktur

Angka (int32) + Checksum XOR

long value = 123456;
byte buf[16] = {0};
buf[0] = (byte)((value >> 24) & 0xFF);
buf[1] = (byte)((value >> 16) & 0xFF);
buf[2] = (byte)((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
buf[3] = (byte)(value & 0xFF);
buf[4] = buf[0] ^ buf[1] ^ buf[2] ^ buf[3]; // checksum sederhana
// tulis buf ke block 4 setelah auth

Teks (Nama, ID)

Gunakan 2 blok bertetangga (mis. 4 & 5) untuk string lebih panjang. Simpan length di awal dan pad dengan spasi.

Optimasi & Kualitas Bacaan

• Jarak & orientasi: antena RC522 kecil; jarak praktik ~2–4 cm. Ubah sudut kartu.
• Gain antena: PCD_SetAntennaGain(RxGain_max) membantu sedikit.
• Hindari logam di dekat antena; bisa mengganggu medan.
• Catu 3,3 V stabil; suplai bersama MCU butuh arus memadai.
• Timing: beri jeda setelah operasi tulis; hindari spam perintah.

Troubleshooting

Checklist Produksi

• Gunakan tag asli; hindari UID clone untuk sistem serius.
• Definisikan skema data (offset, panjang, checksum, versi).
• Implementasi retry & timeout jelas di firmware.
• Log semua operasi tulis & kegagalan ke konsol/log.
• Enkripsi di aplikasi (server/host), kartu menyimpan ID/pointer saja.

Contoh Proyek Mini: Kartu Member

• Block 4: NAME[0..15] (16 byte)
• Block 5: ID[0..3], CHKSUM[1], RESERVED[...]

Reader menampilkan nama & ID; jika checksum cocok → akses OK.

Lampiran: Template Kode Serbaguna (Baca/Tulis/Erase)

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

// === PIN (ubah sesuai board) ===
constexpr uint8_t SS_PIN  = 10;   // UNO/Nano:10, Mega:53, ESP8266:D8, ESP32:5
constexpr uint8_t RST_PIN = 9;    // UNO/Nano:9,  Mega:5,  ESP8266:D3, ESP32:22
constexpr byte    BLOCK_TO_USE = 4; // Hindari block 0 & trailer (3,7,11,...)

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

void printHex(const byte *buf, byte len) {
  for (byte i=0; i<len; i++) { if (buf[i] < 0x10) Serial.print("0"); Serial.print(buf[i], HEX); Serial.print(" "); }
}

bool authBlock(byte block) {
  auto s = mfrc522.PCD_Authenticate(MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A, block, &key, &mfrc522.uid);
  if (s != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) { Serial.print("Auth fail: "); Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(s)); return false; }
  return true;
}

bool readBlock(byte block, byte out[18]) {
  byte size = 18;
  auto s = mfrc522.MIFARE_Read(block, out, &size);
  if (s != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) { Serial.print("Read fail: "); Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(s)); return false; }
  return true;
}

bool writeBlock(byte block, const byte in[16]) {
  auto s = mfrc522.MIFARE_Write(block, (byte*)in, 16);
  if (s != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) { Serial.print("Write fail: "); Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(s)); return false; }
  return true;
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SPI.begin();
  mfrc522.PCD_Init();
  mfrc522.PCD_SetAntennaGain(mfrc522.RxGain_max);
  for (byte i=0;i<6;i++) key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF; // default
  Serial.println("\\n[RC522 READY] Tempelkan kartu...");
}

void loop() {
  if (!mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return;

  Serial.print("UID: "); printHex(mfrc522.uid.uidByte, mfrc522.uid.size); Serial.println();

  if (!authBlock(BLOCK_TO_USE)) { HALT(); return; }

  // === TULIS ===
  byte dataBlock[16] = "KANASOLUSI.ID   "; // 16 byte
  if (writeBlock(BLOCK_TO_USE, dataBlock)) Serial.println("Write OK");

  // === BACA ===
  byte buffer[18];
  if (readBlock(BLOCK_TO_USE, buffer)) {
    Serial.print("Read: "); printHex(buffer, 16); Serial.print(" | ASCII: ");
    for (byte i=0;i<16;i++) Serial.write(isPrintable(buffer[i]) ? buffer[i] : '.');
    Serial.println();
  }

  // === ERASE (opsional) ===
  // byte zeros[16]; memset(zeros, 0x00, 16); writeBlock(BLOCK_TO_USE, zeros);

  HALT();
}

void HALT(){
  mfrc522.PICC_HaltA();
  mfrc522.PCD_StopCrypto1();
}